The text-package uses Hugging Face transformers language models, natural language processing and machine learning methods to examine text and numerical variables.
Please reference our tutorial article when using the package: The text-package: An R-package for Analyzing and Visualizing Human Language Using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning.
To learn more about the textEmbed() functions see the tutorial called: HuggingFace Transformers in R: Word Embeddings Defaults and Specifications.
This Getting Started tutorial is going through some central text functions. The data comes from the Kjell et al., 2019 (pre-print), which show how individuals’ open-ended text answers can be used to measure, describe and differentiate psychological constructs.
In short the workflow includes to first transform text variables into text-level and word type-level word embeddings. These word embeddings are then used to predict numerical variables, compute semantic similarity scores, and plot words in the word embedding space.
The textEmbed() function automatically transforms
character variables in a given tibble to word embeddings. The example
data that will be used in this tutorial comes from participants that
have described their harmony in life and satisfaction with life with a
text response, 10 descriptive words or rating scales. For a more
detailed description please see the word
embedding tutorial
library(text)
# View example data including both text and numerical variables
Language_based_assessment_data_8
# Transform the text data to BERT word embeddings
word_embeddings <- textEmbed(
texts = Language_based_assessment_data_8[3],
model = "bert-base-uncased",
layers = -2,
aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts = "mean",
aggregation_from_tokens_to_word_types = "mean",
keep_token_embeddings = FALSE)
# See how word embeddings are structured
word_embeddings
# Save the word embeddings to avoid having to import the text every time. (i.e., remove the ##)
## saveRDS(word_embeddings, "word_embeddings.rds")
# Get the word embeddings again (i.e., remove the ##)
## word_embeddings <- readRDS("_YOURPATH_/word_embeddings.rds")The textTrain() is used to examine how well the word
embeddings from a text can predict a numeric variable. This is done by
training the word embeddings using ridge regression and 10-fold
cross-validation. In the example below we examine how well the harmony
text responses can predict the rating scale scores from the Harmony in
life scale.
library(text)
# Examine the relationship between harmonytext word embeddings and the harmony in life rating scale
model_htext_hils <- textTrain(word_embeddings$texts$harmonywords,
Language_based_assessment_data_8$hilstotal)
# Examine the correlation between predicted and observed Harmony in life scale scores
model_htext_hils$resultsThe text-package has several ways to plot words; here we will use the
Supervised Dimension Plot. The plotting is made in two steps: First the
textProjection function is pre-processing the data,
including computing statistics for each word type to be plotted. Second,
textProjectionPlot() is visualizing the words, including
many options to set color, font etc for the figure. Dividing this
procedure into two steps makes the process more transparent (since the
user naturally get to see the output that the words are plotted
according to) and quicker since the more heavy computations are made in
the first step, the last step goes quicker so that one can try different
design settings.
library(text)
# Pre-process data
projection_results <- textProjection(
words = Language_based_assessment_data_8$harmonywords,
word_embeddings = word_embeddings$texts,
word_types_embeddings = word_embeddings$word_types,
x = Language_based_assessment_data_8$hilstotal,
y = Language_based_assessment_data_8$age
)
projection_results$word_datalibrary(text)
# Supervised Dimension Projection Plot
# To avoid warnings -- and that words do not get plotted, first increase the max.overlaps for the entire session:
options(ggrepel.max.overlaps = 1000)
# Supervised Dimension Projection Plot
plot_projection_2D <- textProjectionPlot(
word_data = projection_results,
min_freq_words_plot = 1,
plot_n_word_extreme = 10,
plot_n_word_frequency = 5,
plot_n_words_middle = 5,
y_axes = TRUE,
p_alpha = 0.05,
p_adjust_method = "fdr",
title_top = "Harmony Words Responses (Supervised Dimension Projection)",
x_axes_label = "Low vs. High Harmony in Life Scale Score",
y_axes_label = "Low vs.High Age",
bivariate_color_codes = c("#E07f6a", "#60A1F7", "#85DB8E",
"#FF0000", "#EAEAEA", "#5dc688",
"#E07f6a", "#60A1F7", "#85DB8E"
))
# View plot
plot_projection_2D$final_plotBeyond rating scales: With targeted evaluation, large language models are poised for psychological assessment Kjell, Kjell and Schwartz. (2024). Psychiatry Research
Natural language analyzed with AI‐based transformers predict traditional subjective well‐being measures approaching the theoretical upper limits in accuracy Kjell et al., (2022). Scientific Reports
Doing well-being: Self-reported activities are related to subjective well-being. Nilsson, et al., (2022). PLOSONE
Computational Language Assessments of Harmony in Life — Not Satisfaction With Life or Rating Scales — Correlate With Cooperative Behaviors. Kjell et al., (2021). Frontiers
Freely Generated Word Responses Analyzed With Artificial Intelligence Predict Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Worry. Kjell K., et al. (2021). Frontiers
The below list consists of papers analyzing human language in a similar fashion that is possible in text.
Methods Articles
The text-package: An R-package for Analyzing and Visualizing Human Language Using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning Kjell, Salvatore, & Schwartz. (2024) Psychological Methods.
Gaining
insights from social media language: Methodologies and
challenges.
Kern et al., (2016). Psychological Methods.
Semantic
measures: Using natural language processing to measure, differentiate,
and describe psychological constructs. Pre-print
Kjell et al., (2019). Psychological Methods.
Clinical Psychology
Facebook language predicts depression in medical records
Eichstaedt, J. C., … & Schwartz, H. A. (2018). PNAS.
Social and Personality Psychology
Personality,
gender, and age in the language of social media: The open-vocabulary
approach
Schwartz, H. A., … & Seligman, M. E. (2013). PloSOne.
Automatic Personality Assessment Through Social Media Language
Park, G., Schwartz, H. A., … & Seligman, M. E. P. (2014).
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Health Psychology
Psychological language on Twitter predicts county-level heart disease
mortality
Eichstaedt, J. C., Schwartz, et al. (2015). Psychological
Science.
Positive Psychology
The
Harmony in Life Scale Complements the Satisfaction with Life Scale:
Expanding the Conceptualization of the Cognitive Component of Subjective
Well-Being
Kjell, et al., (2016). Social Indicators Research
Computer Science: Python Software
DLATK: Differential language analysis toolkit Schwartz, H. A., Giorgi, et al., (2017). In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations